bobcat lynx rufus

endangered cats

  • HB Length: 65-105 cm (25-41″)
  • Tail Length: 9-11 cm (3.5-4.3″)
  • Height: Appr. 53 cm (21″)
  • Weight: 6-13 kg (13-29 lbs)
  • Pop. Trend: Stable

The Bobcat Lynx rufus is the most successful wild cat species in North America, and more easily recognized than many other small wild cats. Their soft, dense coat is light grey to reddish brown, and they are randomly barred and spotted with black or dark reddish brown. The fur along the middle of the back is usually darker, while the underparts are whitish, and also spotted.

In 2007, a rare melanistic Bobcat was captured in Florida. Less than a dozen black Bobcats have ever been reported, so officials took DNA samples and blood tests, then released the cat back into the wild.

The short ‘bobbed’ tail, approximately 7.5 – 15 cm long, is marked with several indistinct dark bands, and black tipped only on the topside. The bob tail is possibly a past adaptation to cold conditions. Bobcats are short stocky cats with muscular legs, their hind legs being slightly longer than their forelegs. Their relatively high shoulder height and thick fur make them appear much larger than they really are. The large ears are black on the outside, with a white central spot, and their eyes are a yellowish brown. Their ear tufts, if present, are much smaller than those of the Canada lynx Lynx canadensis, as is the ruff framing their face. The largest Bobcats are found in Canada and the western USA, while the smallest are found in Mexico.

Distribution

bobcat range map
Click for larger image

Bobcats are found from southern Canada, down through the USA to northern Mexico. As habitat generalists, they live in a wide variety of areas, including all types of forest, coastal swamp, desert and scrubland. Only large, intensively cultivated areas without adequate surface cover appear to be unsuitable habitat. Their range in Canada has been expanding northward with forest clearance and warmer winters.

Unlike the Canada lynx, they are not found in the northern latitudes where deep snow restricts their movements. They generally favour low and mid elevations, but have been found at 3,500 metres in Mexico.

Males have an established range which includes the smaller ranges of several females, and often overlaps partially with other males’ territories. Female ranges are more exclusive. Young males disperse and travel long distances in search of an unoccupied territory, while females often settle near or partially within the range of their mother.

Bobcat home range sizes vary widely, from 6 km² in southern California to 325 km² in New York. Although there are no exact figures, population density estimates range from 48 cats per 100 km² in Texas to 11 per 100 km² in Virginia.

A recent population analysis (2011) found that Bobcat numbers have increased throughout the majority of its range since the 1990’s [1]. Forty-eight US states, seven Canadian provinces and Mexico were surveyed, with all locations except Florida reporting increased populations. The Bobcat is found in each of the contiguous states except Delaware. Its US population was estimated to be from 2,353,276 – 3,571,681 individuals. The population in Mexico is not well known, and it appears to be very rare in some central areas.

Ecology

These tough little cats survive mainly because they are secretive, cantankerous, will eat almost any type of prey and can live in almost any kind of habitat. Like their close relatives the Canada Lynx, they prey primarily on rabbits, but are less of a specialist.

They are reasonably tolerant of human disturbance, adapting well to altered habitat. They hunt by day or night, and as opportunistic feeders, prey on whatever is most abundant. Although they are heavily persecuted as livestock killers, the majority of their prey species are destructive agricultural pests. Despite their small size, Bobcats can also be effective predators of deer, taking animals weighing up to ten times their own body weight which are generally killed when resting. They are mainly ground dwellers, but can climb trees with ease and are excellent swimmers.

Reproduction

Bobcats are solitary animals, and the males and females associate only during the breeding season, which runs from December to April, with the earliest breeding occurring at the lower latitudes. Only resident cats with established territories raise litters. While males may breed with several females, the females typically mate with only one male

Gestation is 50 – 70 days, with one to six, usually two to four, kittens being born in a den, hollow log, under a rock ledge or in dense thickets. The kittens are born with faint marks on their back and sides, and dark streaks on their faces that fade as they grow. They open their eyes after about nine days. They nurse for about three to four months, and at five months of age the mother takes them out hunting. They stay with her until the next breeding season. Bobcats are sexually mature at about one year for the females, and two years for the males. They have been known to live over 33 years in captivity, and 12 – 13 years in the wild.

Conservation

Bobcats are legally harvested for the fur trade in 38 US states, and in seven Canadian provinces. In Mexico, the Bobcat is legally hunted in small numbers as a trophy animal. There appears to be little illegal international trade, although within the US, molecular forensics techniques have determined that skins reported as originating from an area with a high bag limit were probably illegally taken from an area with a lower limit.

The Bobcat is now the leading wild cat species in the skin trade, with most exports coming from the US. In 2000-2006 the average annual export of skins was 29,772, with an all-time high of 51,419 skins exported in 2006.Demand for Bobcat pelts is being driven by Asian countries with growing economies. Although this harvest seems likely to continue, it is regulated. The far more serious threat to these cats is the continuing habitat fragmentation, loss of habitat, and persecution by farmers and ranchers.

A California study (2012) found the primary source of mortality in Bobcats was notoedric mange, or feline scabies. Researchers discovered a direct link from the infected cats to anticoagulant rat poisons. Eating of the poisoned rodents resulted in 51% of collared Bobcats dying during the study. Other carnivores such as Cougar Puma concolor were equally affected.

On a regional level, the Bobcat is totally protected in ten USA states; in Canada hunting and trade is regulated; and in Mexico hunting is regulated in five states and shooting of suspected livestock predators is permitted. The degree to which these little cats have been studied and managed in North America makes them probably the most thoroughly examined species in international trade today.

tiny.cat paw print[1] Roberts Nathan M, Crimmins Shawn M. 2010. An update of Bobcat Lynx rufus population status and management in North America: Evidence of large-scale population increase. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 1(2):XX-XX; e1944-687X. doi: 10.3996/122009-JFWM-026R

Compare the Bobcat to the larger Canada Lynx. 

Range map IUCN Red List 2008

Updated 2014

39 Responses

  1. 6 Types of Wild Cats in North America | Hepper

    […] Bobcats are the most common wild cat species in North America. They can survive in many different habitats, from forests to swamps to deserts. Bobcats are usually light gray to reddish-brown, with darker spots and stripes throughout their coat. Named after their short, “bobbed” tails, bobcats are also identified by their pointed ears and ruffed faces. Bobcats will eat almost any prey they can catch, one of the primary reasons for their success as a species. They eat mostly rabbits, but will also prey on other small mammals, birds, deer, and even human pets if given the chance. The wild bobcat population is considered stable, even increasing in some areas. […]

  2. Pat Bumstead

    What typical bobcat behavior, and there are few cats more opportunistic than these guys! I would imagine when your last duck is gone, so is the bobcat, for a while. They’re good but not horse good.

    I’m sure he will come back occasionally to check the yard even if all your birds are gone, just out of curiosity to see if you’ve given him more food.

  3. Laura

    We live in a rural area in Florida with 1-2 houses per 5 acre lots. Most are fenced in. Our property is fenced in the front, but not in the back. We have been losing chickens here and there, but now it is every 2-3 days and our ducks are disappearing. Finally got a camera and it is definitely a bobcat. He just waltzed onto the property from the front gate, snatched a full-size duck and ran back the way he came. I would say they are opportunistic, and it knows where to come for dinner. Only problem is, we only have one duck left. Is it going to go for our horse next?

  4. Tom J Fiola

    We have a Bobcat and cubs living under our deck (Northern Michigan). How do we get them relocated??!

  5. Pat Bumstead

    You don’t say where you’re located, but most provinces and states have laws against keeping wild cats as pets. They need special looking after, and most people are not qualified to do this anyway. They are much better off, and much healthier, living in their native habitat

  6. Andre

    I’ve seen one before on our farm in Central Minnesota. I wish we would stop hunting them.

  7. Pat Bumstead

    In the 30 years ISEC has been running, we have only seen one black bobcat photo. Please send your picture (video)to smallwildcats@gmail.com and we’ll take a look. A confirmed black bobcat in the USA would certainly get the international cat conservation world very excited!

  8. James Crowley

    I caught a black bobcat on a trail cam today
    Virginia Craig county

  9. Pat Bumstead

    To my knowledge, there has only been one photo of a black bobcat. If you have pictures of such a thing, we would love to see them!

  10. Greg coffee

    I just saw a black bobcat about a week ago at 15 yards for about 5 minutes while deer hunting Have 2 photos off my game camera within the week of it. I know it sounds far fetched and after reading how rare it was I am pretty amazed myself.

  11. Pat Bumstead

    The range maps for any wild cats are to be considered estimates. It is very likely there are bobcats all over the Great Lakes States, but no one is studying them. Without some kind of scientific proof that they occur in any given area, the range maps will not be updated. The bobcat range map is particularly questionable – they have been seen much farther north into Canada than the map suggests.

  12. Daniel M Cotter

    It is notable that there is such a large gap in the range map in the Great Lakes States where there is seemingly suitable habitat. Do you have any thoughts on why this is so?

  13. Pat Bumstead

    It sounds like you have a steady source of prey animals for the bobcats on your land. This is the best possible scenario for the cats and the longer they are there, the bigger their population will get. They can be elusive when they want to, so under your ideal bobcat conditions it is possible there are a lot more than you’re seeing!

  14. Joan K. Reynolds

    A young bobcat may be at our home. It is domesticated. I would like to send a photo to affirm the breed. Thank you, Joan.

  15. sylvia1967blog

    I own land in Central Texas that is leased to hunters, they are strictly forbidden from killing Coyotes and Bobcats, limited to the (overpopulated) white tail deer and the destructive & invasive hogs.

    I’d like to know what I can do to increase the existing population of Bobcats. I see one every year or two and would like to make it a more frequent experience.

  16. marisol

    i like this website but i want to know if they live in new jersey

  17. Matthew Mahboub

    We have them in Albuquerque because of the mountains on the eastern edge and the river in the valley. They should be protected. They are beautiful and are an important part of the ecosystem.

  18. alondra

    do any wild cats live near warsaw,va i want to help

  19. Pat Bumstead

    The scream calls are part of the mating ritual and should calm down very soon. Bobcats are not known to be a threat to small children. Their prey is mainly squirrels, rabbits, rodents and other small mammals.

  20. Denis

    I live in the parkland region of Manitoba along Lake Manitoba. We currently have a bobcat living in our area. We do have small children that are outdoors a lot, I do now keep them on the deck ever since we started hearing the horrific scream calls all night.

  21. fred

    Trapping these cats in cruel steel jaw leghold and snare traps and sending 30000 skins annually to Asia is immoral.

  22. Coexisting with Our Local Wildlife

    […] behaviors.  We are shocked to learn how much humans have caused the numbers of  mountain lion, bobcat and bear populations to shrink nationwide as well as “in our on backyard”. Their […]

  23. Sable Ferguson

    I just saw a big black bobcat looking thing slinking in front of the tree line in front of my house and I froze..I thought it was a panther

  24. Sable Ferguson

    I just saw one of these in my front yard I live in a heavily wooded area in Virginia.

  25. Amber jeffers

    I would love to see theses beautiful animals flourish.!!!!

  26. Username*

    We just saw a young black bobcat with regular color bobcat in the Olympic Mountains.

Leave a Reply to lynx you dare | xxcultureCancel reply

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.